WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� The U.S. Supreme Court has finished hearing arguments over the constitutionality of order to for children born in the United States to someone in the country illegally or temporarily.
The , which Trump signed on Jan. 20, 2025, the first day of his second term, is part of his Republican administration鈥檚 broad .
but left after one hour; he is the first sitting president to attend oral arguments at the nation鈥檚 highest court.
Every lower court to have considered the issue has found the order illegal and prevented it from taking effect. A definitive ruling is expected by early summer.
Here鈥檚 the latest:
Check your Oura rings at the door
Covering an oral argument in front of the Supreme Court poses logistical challenges for reporters, who are used to feeding information to the wire in real time.
But phones and recording devices are not allowed into the courtroom 鈥� not even an Oura ring.
For that reason, dispatches from the court are delayed until the press is released from the courtroom, which may take hours.
Today, the President entered the courtroom around 9:45 a.m. and left 13 minutes into ACLU attorney Cecillia Wang鈥檚 arguments.
More observations from inside the Supreme Court
This was really an unprecedented moment for the Trump administration.
Justices Gorsuch, Kavanaugh and Barrett were questioning some of the president鈥檚 immigration policies while the president was actually in the audience to listen to them.
That鈥檚 especially significant because it was Trump who nominated all of those justices to the Supreme Court during his first term.
Robert De Niro was also in the courtroom
President Trump wasn鈥檛 the only celebrity there in attendance.
Actor and activist Robert De Niro was also in the crowd in the totally packed courtroom.
Security is usually tight at the Supreme Court. But with the president visiting, it was especially high on Wednesday.
After the hearing, De Niro told reporters that Trump, 鈥渢urned up today because he wants to try to put his thumb on the scale. If you want to try to intimidate some of the justices, three of whom he appointed to rule in his favor, I dare say that did not work.鈥�
Observations from inside the Supreme Court hearing
The president showed up to the Supreme Court hearing just as the oral arguments were set to begin.
He sat in the front row of the public seating section of the courtroom, which made it hard for the press to be able to view him. But the media was able to see who accompanied the president 鈥� Attorney General Pam Bondi and Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick.
As he sat down Trump scoped out the crowd but otherwise didn鈥檛 appear to be talking to anyone and sat quietly for the arguments.
Miller sounds off on birthright citizenship arguments
Stephen Miller is weighing in on the Supreme Court arguments.
Miller is Trump鈥檚 deputy chief of staff for policy and homeland security advisor. He鈥檚 also the architect of many of the president鈥檚 immigration-related policies.
In posts on X during the arguments Miller said: 鈥淏irthright citizenship means the children of illegal aliens can vote to tax your children and seize their inheritance.鈥�
Trump declares birthright citizenship 鈥榮tupid鈥� after court wraps up arguments in the case
Trump, who wants to see the practice eliminated, repeated his opposition to it in a social media post.
鈥淲e are the only Country in the World STUPID enough to allow 鈥淏irthright鈥� Citizenship!鈥� he posted from the White House.
During the arguments, the justices cast doubt on Trump鈥檚 bid to limit birthright citizenship.
While the concept is relatively are rare around the world, about three dozen countries guarantee citizenship to children born on their territory.
The U.S. as a birthright 鈥榦utlier鈥�
Only a couple dozen countries around the world have birthright citizenship, which Sauer said makes the U.S. 鈥渁n outlier among modern nations.鈥�
That comment was striking to Darrell A. H. Miller, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School and a scholar whose focus includes constitutional law and legal history.
The 鈥渁rgument about United States birthright citizenship being an outlier compared to other Western nations is peculiar, given the way this administration trumpets American exceptionalism in other contexts,鈥� he said in an email.
Trump鈥檚 appearance caused a brief stir in the courtroom
was one of few reporters allowed in the courtroom, where we witnessed the president enter the chambers. There was a lot of neck craning and whispering as Trump entered the court room through a side entrance, wearing a dark suit and his signature red tie.
He sat in the first row of the public seats and was joined by several cabinet members. The press in the room saw Attorney General Pam Bondi and Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick join the president. Trump was initially seated in the far right side of the public seating, where he was scoping out the crowd, but after a few minutes of shuffling with Lutnick, he was moved further into the room.
Aside from a few glances in his direction, the justices did not acknowledge Trump鈥檚 presence.
Trump eventually left the room alone during the ACLU attorney鈥檚 arguments.
Arguments over birthright citizenship have ended
The justices heard arguments for more than two hours. Trump left just over an hour into the session, after his lawyer wrapped up.
Subject to US jurisdiction at birth?
The Fourteenth Amendment says people 鈥渂orn or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.鈥�
The Trump administration has long focused on the phrase 鈥渟ubject to the jurisdiction thereof,鈥� saying that excludes parents living illegally in the U.S.
But Wang went directly at that argument Wednesday, saying that the legal focus should be on the newborn: 鈥淭he question that the 14th amendment asks is whether the U.S.-born child is subject to U.S. jurisdiction when they鈥檙e born.鈥�
Asian American lawmakers support birthright citizenship
Rep. Grace Meng, chair of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, on Wednesday said the president鈥檚 executive order to end birthright citizenship is 鈥減lainly unconstitutional.鈥�
鈥淎s the daughter of immigrants鈥攍ike millions of Americans across the country鈥攖his is deeply personal to me,鈥� Meng, a Democrat from New York, said in a statement. 鈥淏irthright citizenship is the bedrock of our belonging; it is how we have been able to build our lives and call this country home.鈥�
Meng has led hundreds of Democratic colleagues in filing amici curiae (friends of the court) briefs for Trump v. Barbara arguing that Trump鈥檚 executive order violates not only the Constitution, past Supreme Court rulings but also laws passed by Congress that guarantee citizenship to children born in the United States.
Chinese as 鈥榯emporary sojourners鈥� in the U.S.
Bigotry against Chinese people was widespread in the U.S. in the 19th century, Wang said, with 鈥渁 common view that Chinese people were inherently temporary sojourners in the country.鈥�
She argued that it was possible that Justice Gray, who wrote the Wong Kim Ark ruling, 鈥渨as trying to dispel that notion.鈥�
Gorsuch: 鈥業t seems to me it鈥檚 a mess鈥�
Justice Gorsuch is drilling down into the aftermath of the Wong Kim Ark decision and trying to get Wang to clarify.
鈥淭rying to understand how the legal community understood what happened in Wong Kim Ark. It seems to me it鈥檚 a mess. Maybe you can persuade me otherwise,鈥� he asked Wang.
Trump departs Supreme Court as oral arguments in case continue
Trump spent just over an hour inside the courtroom. He apparently was only interested in hearing the arguments by the government鈥檚 lawyer, Solicitor General D. John Sauer.
The president departed shortly after Sauer wrapped up and the plaintiff was invited to present her case.
English common law and citizenship
Cecillia Wang, the American Civil Liberties Union legal director facing off against Sauer, often centered her arguments around American courts鈥� reliance on English common law, which provides for citizenship based on the legal concept of jus soli, or 鈥渞ight of soil.鈥�
鈥淲hen the government tried to strip Mr. Wong Kim Ark鈥檚 citizenship on largely the same grounds they raised today, this court said no,鈥� she said, adding 鈥渢his court held that the 14th Amendment embodies the English common law rule: Virtually everyone born on U.S. soil is subject to its jurisdiction and is a citizen.鈥�
Justice Jackson questioning the logistics
Justice Jackson is drilling down into exactly how the government would actually figure out who鈥檚 entitled to citizenship and who鈥檚 not.
鈥淎re you suggesting that when a baby is born people have to have documents? Present documents? Is this happening in the delivery room? How are we determining when or whether a newborn child is a citizen of the United States under your rule?鈥� she鈥檚 asking Sauer.
Sauer seems to be saying that it would fall to the computer systems that give out Social Security numbers, saying they would automatically check the citizenship of the parents.
Several justices press Wang on the frequent use of the word 鈥榙omicile鈥� in Wong Kim Ark
Roberts says the word is used 20 times in the 1898 decision. 鈥淚sn鈥檛 it at least something to be concerned about?鈥�
Wang says it鈥檚 true that the Chinese parents were domiciled in the U.S., but that the decision did not turn on that fact, but instead a long history of basing citizenship on where the child was born.
‘Is this happening in the delivery room?’
More than an hour in, it鈥檚 the opponents鈥� turn
The ACLU鈥檚 Wang has begun her presentation in defense of birthright citizenship.
Government says it doesn鈥檛 want Wong Kim Ark case overruled
Sauer noted that the government is 鈥渘ot asking you overrule Wong Kim Ark,鈥� which extended citizenship to children born in the U.S. to foreign parents.
But he added that it was 鈥渢otally unambiguous鈥� that the 1898 ruling 鈥渞elates to domiciled aliens,鈥� and not what he called 鈥渟ojourners,鈥� or temporary visitors.
Alito asks about 鈥榟umanitarian鈥� problem
Judge Alito is asking Sauer about the humanitarian issue of people who have been in the U.S. for a long time and are 鈥渟ubject to removal鈥� but in 鈥渢heir minds鈥� have made a permanent home in America.
Alito also says that immigration laws in the U.S. have been 鈥渋neffectively and in some cases unenthusiastically鈥� enforced over the years.
He鈥檚 asking Sauer to address the 鈥渉umanitarian problem鈥� that arises with how to deal with those people when it comes to birthright citizenship.
Sauer is saying that when it comes to birthright citizenship the U.S. is an 鈥渙utlier among modern nations鈥� and is pointing to places in Europe who don鈥檛 allow birthright citizenship and suggesting there doesn鈥檛 seem to have been any humanitarian fallout there.
Justice Kavanaugh suggests federal citizenship laws support broad birthright citizenship
Kavanaugh says Congress might have used different language in laws enacted in 1940 and 1952 if it wanted to make clear that children of people here illegally or temporarily were not entitled to citizenship.
鈥楧omicile鈥� and 鈥楢llegiance鈥�
Much of the early discussions revolved around the concepts of 鈥渄omicile,鈥� or a person鈥檚 permanent residence, and to which government that person owes 鈥渁llegiance.鈥�
Solicitor General D. John Sauer began his arguments by noting that the citizenship clause 鈥渨as adopted just after the Civil War to grant citizenship to the newly freed slaves and their children, whose allegiance to the United States had been established by generations of domicile here.鈥�
It did not, he said, 鈥済rant citizenship to the children of temporary visitors or illegal aliens who have no such allegiance.鈥�
Who would be affected by a ruling for Trump?
Sauer insists that Trump鈥檚 order would apply 鈥渙nly prospectively.鈥�
But Justice Sonia Sotomayor says the logic of the administration鈥檚 argument would allow a future president to try to strip citizenship from U.S.-born children years from now.
Issue of birth tourism comes up
Sauer was asked by Chief Justice John Roberts about how significant is the issue of 鈥渂irth tourism.鈥�
Critics of birthright citizenship have long said that it attracts people from other countries who come to the U.S. in order to give birth so that their children can become American citizens. Then they go back to their home country.
Sauer was asked by Roberts about any data on how many people come to the U.S. for this reason. 鈥淣o one knows for sure,鈥� Sauer said, and cited 鈥渕edia estimates鈥� for various numbers.
Thomas sounds most open to the administration鈥檚 position
Thomas recounts that the aim of the 14th amendment was to make citizens of the freed slaves. 鈥淗ow much of the debates around the 14 Amendment had anything to do with immigration?鈥�
Sauer is facing headwinds from all sides
Conservative and liberal justices are questioning Sauer鈥檚 history of the debates that led to the adoption of the 14th Amendment. Justice Neil Gorsuch says there鈥檚 precious little discussion about domicile, a key part of Sauer鈥檚 argument.
Justice Elena Kagan says part of Sauer鈥檚 case rests 鈥渙n some pretty obscure sources.鈥�
The ‘ancient and fundamental rule’
Many of the arguments in today鈥檚 case go back to the Supreme Court鈥檚 1898 ruling in the case of Wong Kim Ark, which said a U.S.-born child of Chinese nationals was a citizen.
In that ruling, Justice Horace Gray wrote that Fourteenth Amendment 鈥渁ffirms the ancient and fundamental rule of citizenship by birth within the territory. That, he wrote, is 鈥渋ncluding all children here born of resident aliens.鈥�
Chief Justice Roberts questions administration鈥檚 arguments
Roberts says it鈥檚 not clear how the recognized exceptions to citizenship, children of ambassadors and foreign invaders, can be applied to 鈥渁 whole class of illegal aliens.鈥�
Roberts says he鈥檚 not sure 鈥渉ow you get to that big group from such tiny and idiosyncratic examples.鈥�
Arguments have begun
Sauer, Trump鈥檚 top Supreme Court lawyer, is at the lectern, defending the president鈥檚 birthright citizenship order. Trump is in the courtroom.
There鈥檚 one American territory where people are not citizens from birth
On , an island cluster in the South Pacific roughly halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand, native-born children are considered 鈥淯.S. nationals鈥� 鈥� a distinction that gives them certain rights and obligations while denying them others.
American Samoans are entitled to U.S. passports and can serve in the military. Men must register for the Selective Service. They can vote in local elections in American Samoa but cannot hold public office in the U.S. or participate in most U.S. elections.
Those who wish to become citizens can do so, but the process costs hundreds of dollars and can be cumbersome. In 2022, the Supreme Court seeking to extend birthright citizenship to American Samoa.
An Alaska appeals court is weighing whether to dismiss criminal charges against an Alaska resident born in American Samoa after she was elected to a local school board.
Trump arrives at Supreme Court for arguments in birthright citizenship case
Crowds watched from the sidewalks as Trump鈥檚 motorcade drove along Constitution and Independence Avenues, passing the Washington Monument and the National Mall on the way to the court building.
All 9 justices were born in the U.S.
Justice Felix Frankfurter, a native of Austria, was the last of six justices who were born abroad. The current court is American from birth.
Still, the citizenship issue hits close to home for some justices.
Thomas and Ketanji Brown Jackson are descended from enslaved people who eventually had their citizenship established by the 14th Amendment.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor鈥檚 parents were born in Puerto Rico, where residents became citizens under a 1917 law enacted by Congress. The justice most closely tied to an immigrant is Alito, whose father was born in Italy.
Former, future and almost presidents have been to and served on Supreme Court
Way back in 1841, former President John Quincy Adams represented a shipload of African men and women who had been sold into slavery in the famous Amistad case.
Former President William Howard Taft became chief justice nearly eight years after leaving the White House in 1913. Charles Evans Hughes left the Supreme Court for a presidential run in 1912, which he nearly won, then returned to the court in 1930 as chief justice.
In 1966, Richard Nixon argued his only Supreme Court case, which he lost.
The states have taken sides
Twenty-four Democratic state attorneys general put out a statement Wednesday morning saying they鈥檙e 鈥減roud to lead the fight against this unlawful order.鈥�
While Democratic attorneys general have sued the Trump administration scores of times, the plaintiffs in this case are represented by the American Civil Liberties Union and other civil rights groups.
The Democratic attorneys filed court papers supporting their position. Twenty-five of their Republican counterparts filed a friend-of-the-court brief backing the Trump administration.
The only state sitting this one out is New Hampshire.
If the court upholds Trump鈥檚 order, who would be affected?
More than 250,000 babies born in the U.S. each year would not be citizens, according to research from the Migration Policy Institute and Pennsylvania State University鈥檚 Population Research Institute.
The order would only apply going forward, the administration has said. But opponents have said a court ruling in Trump鈥檚 favor could pave the way for a later effort to take away citizenship from people who were born to parents who were not themselves U.S. citizens.
Trump鈥檚 last time at the court was a ceremonial visit in 2018
The president and first lady Melania Trump showed up for the court ritual marking the arrival of a new justice following the confirmations of Justice Neil Gorsuch in 2017 and Justice Brett Kavanaugh a year later.
The ceremony for Trump鈥檚 third appointee, Justice Amy Coney Barrett, was delayed a year because of the COVID-19 pandemic and Trump, who was no longer in office, did not attend.
True to form, a Trump appearance would break with longstanding norms
Traditionally the president has avoided attending arguments to maintain distance between the government branches 鈥� since the executive officer鈥檚 presence is seen by many as a way to pressure the independent court to rule in their favor.
Given the unusual nature of it all 鈥� Trump鈥檚 presence in the courtroom spotlights how high the stakes are for him, as the court鈥檚 decision will have massive consequences on his longstanding promise to crack down on immigration.
It鈥檚 not the first time Trump has considered showing up for a high court hearing
Last year, Trump said that he badly wanted to attend a hearing on whether he overstepped federal law with his sweeping tariffs, but he decided against it, saying it would have been a distraction.
Trump鈥檚 presence unlikely to sway the court, expert says
Adam Winkler, a constitutional law professor at UCLA, told the The Associated Press that Trump鈥檚 attending SCOTUS oral arguments signals how important the president views this case.
However, Trump鈥檚 presence 鈥渋s unlikely to sway the justices,鈥� Winkler said, adding that the SCOTUS justices 鈥減ride themselves in their independence, even if some agree with much of Trump鈥檚 agenda.鈥�
The fanfare of Trump being in the courtroom will make for a different experience for the justices themselves, however, as 鈥淭rump鈥檚 presence will make the atmosphere a little bit more circus-like,鈥� Winkler said.
Top Trump lawyer argues against ACLU鈥檚 legal director
Solicitor General D. John Sauer is making his ninth Supreme Court argument and second in as many weeks. Sauer鈥檚 biggest win to date was the presidential immunity decision that spared Trump from being tried for his effort to overturn the 2020 election.
Sauer was a Supreme Court law clerk to Justice Antonin Scalia early in his legal career.
ACLU legal director Cecillia Wang, the child of Chinese immigrants, is presenting her second argument to the Supreme Court. In the first Trump administration, a 5-4 conservative majority ruled against Wang鈥檚 clients in another immigration case.
Alito celebrates his 76th birthday on the bench
It鈥檚 not an April Fool鈥檚 joke. Alito was born this day in 1950. Only Thomas, who turns 78 in June, is older than Alito among the nine justices.
Justice Clarence Thomas goes first
In the post-pandemic era, the other justices allow the 77-year-old Thomas, the longest-serving member of the court, to pose a question or two before the free-for-all begins.
In a second round of questioning, the justices ask questions in order of seniority. Chief Justice John Roberts, whose center chair makes him the most senior, gets the first crack.
Arguments are likely to exceed the allotted hour
The justices have routinely gone beyond the allotted time since returning to the courtroom following the Covid-19 pandemic.
Livestream begins a few minutes after 10 a.m., Eastern time
A buzzer and the court marshal鈥檚 cry, 鈥淎ll rise,鈥� signal the justices鈥� entrance from behind red curtains. The livestream won鈥檛 kick in for several minutes, until after the ceremonial swearing-in of lawyers to the Supreme Court bar.
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